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Different types of AI-led monitoring methods are utilised by governments to monitor social media. These methods can be categorised into three groups: (1) the use of in-house applications, (2) the use of third-party applications and (3) the use of services provided by platform companies. In-house applications are AI monitoring tools developed and utilised internally by
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Social media monitoring (SMM) encompasses the systematic observation, collection, and analysis of information shared on various social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Reddit (Fensel et al., 2012; Grizāne et al., 2022, p. 5; Privacy International, 2021b; Twetman et al., 2020, p. 26). This practice utilizes a range of technologies, with one method being
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Election monitoring has been accepted as one of the essential mechanisms for supporting free and fair elections (Birch & Van Ham, 2017). The literature on election monitoring has largely focused on the impact of international monitoring (Hyde, 2011; Hyde & Marinov, 2014; Kelley, 2012) and domestic monitoring (Asunka et al., 2019; Buzin et al., 2016;
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Although the use of disinformation and efforts to disrupt elections have a long history, since 2016 social media has become the primary domain that both state and non-state actors have actively used to interfere in elections. Therefore, governments have emerged as a new actor in election monitoring by using AI tools to monitor social media…





